DMD is the largest human gene, consisting of 79 exons with at least 8 alternative promoters scattered along the gene. 10, 11ĭMD is caused by mutations in the DMD gene, located on the X chromosome, and is characterized by complete loss of muscle dystrophin, a protein that links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix to form the dystrophin glycoprotein complex. Older patients have an annual echocardiogram to assess left ventricular (LV) function. 5, 9 For example, an initial echocardiogram is performed at the time of diagnosis or by 6 years of age, with repeat echocardiograms every 1 to 2 years until age 10 years. 7, 8 Clinical guidelines recommend early detection and pharmacological intervention to prevent the development of fatal dilated cardiomyopathy. 4– 6Ĭardiac involvement, such as dilated cardiomyopathy, is nearly ubiquitous in patients with DMD aged >18 years, 5 with dilated cardiomyopathy being the leading cause of cardiac death in these patients. 2, 3 This increase in lifespan, however, has allowed cardiac involvement to emerge as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with DMD. The cardiac dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction 30 years, through the benefits of multidisciplinary care, especially developments in respiratory care. Patients were divided by patterns of dystrophin isoform deficiency into 5 groups. In this study, the results of 1109 echocardiograms obtained from 181 Japanese DMD patients with confirmed mutations in the DMD gene were retrospectively analyzed. Currently, management of cardiomyopathy is the most important issue in patients with DMD. The main cause of early death of DMD is cardiomyopathy caused by dystrophin Dp427 deficiency. Contact the Department’s Environmental Services Section for further information.Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common inherited muscular disease in childhood and is characterized by fatal progressive muscle wasting. (4) Numerous perennial spring-fed reaches of named and unnamed streams south of the Arkansas River within Barber, Clark, Comanche, Cowley, Harper, Kingman, Kiowa, Meade, Pratt, Reno, Rice, Sedgwick, Seward and Stafford counties. 1-T33S-R25E) to where it crosses SE Lostine Road (Sec. (3) That reach of the main stem Spring River from the Kansas-Missouri border (Sec. 19-T28S-R4W) to the confluence with the North Fork Ninnescah River (Sec. (2) The main stem of the South Fork Ninnescah River on the Sedgwick/Kingman County line (Sec. 31-T24S-R10W) to its confluence with South Fork Ninnescah River in Sedgwick County (Sec. (1) The main stem of the North Fork Ninnescah River on the Stafford/Reno County line (Sec. Currently, the following areas are designated critical for Arkansas Darter: DESIGNATED CRITICAL HABITATSĪs defined by Kansas Administrative Regulations, critical habitats include those areas documented as currently supporting self-sustaining population(s) of any threatened or endangered species of wildlife as well as those areas determined by the Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism to be essential for the conservation of any threatened or endangered species of wildlife. Department personnel can then advise the project sponsor on permit requirements. Any time an eligible project is proposed that will impact the species’ preferred habitats within its probable range, the project sponsor must contact the Ecological Services Section, Kansas Department of Wildlife Parks and Tourism, 512 SE 25th Ave., Pratt, Kansas 67124-8174. SPECIES PROTECTION AND CRITICAL HABITATS:Īrkansas Darters are protected by the Kansas Nongame and Endangered Species Conservation Act and administrative regulations applicable thereto. Kansas constitutes the Arkansas Darter’s primary range. The darter’s range extends into eastern Colorado, southwestern Missouri, northeastern Arkansas and northcentral Oklahoma where local populations occur. Viable populations of Arkansas Darters are currently known only in suitable streams south of the Arkansas River in southcentral Kansas and in Spring River drainage in Cherokee County. Because of its specialized habitat requirements, this darter is localized within its range but may be quite common where it does occur. The fish are almost invariably associated with vegetative cover in spring-fed channels and generally are found in near-shore areas away from swift currents. During spawning, males are a colorful orange along their lower abdomen.Īrkansas Darters prefer shallow, clear, spring-fed tributary and headwater streams having sand or sandy-gravel substrates. They are olivaceous brown above and yellowish white below with six to nine indistinct dusky saddles over the back. Reaching a maximum size of 2.5 inches, the Arkansas Darter is a stout-bodied member of the perch family.
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